Social Change in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Social Change in Nigeria Essay All through Africa social orders that had been dominatingly country for the greater part of their history were encountering a quick and significant reorientation of their social and financial lives toward urban communities and urbanism. As ever more prominent quantities of individuals moved to few quickly growing urban areas (or, as was frequently the situation, a solitary fundamental city), the texture of life in both urban and country zones changed in gigantic, regularly unanticipated ways. With the biggest and one of the most quickly developing urban communities in sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria has encountered the wonder of urbanization as completely as any African country, yet its experience has additionally been uniquein scale, in inescapability, and in verifiable precursors. Present day urbanization in most African nations has been commanded by the development of a solitary primate city, the political and business focal point of the country; its rise was, as a rule, connected to the molding of the nation during the pilgrim time. In nations with a coastline, this was regularly a waterfront port, and in Nigeria, Lagos fitted well into this example. In contrast to most different countries, be that as it may, Nigeria had a couple as well as a few different urban communities of significant size and significance, various which were bigger than most other national capitals in Africa. In two territories, the Yoruba locale in the southwest and the Hausa-Fulani and Kanuri regions of the north, there were quantities of urban communities with recorded roots extending back extensively before the appearance of British colonizers, giving them unmistakable physical and social characters. Additionally, in regions, for example, the Igbo district in the southeast, which had not many urban focuses before the provincial time frame and was not profoundly urbanized even at freedom, there has been a huge development of more up to date urban areas since the 1970s, so these zones in 1990 were likewise exceptionally urban. Urban areas are not just autonomous focuses of concentrated human populace and action; they additionally apply a powerful effect on the country scene. What is unmistakable about the development of urban areas in Nigeria is the length of its authentic expansion and the geographic inescapability of its inclusion.

Opinionated Essay Topics - Why Are They Important?

Opinionated Essay Topics - Why Are They Important?Opinionated essay topics may be rather boring for most students. This is the reason why some people come up with very interesting topic ideas for their essays.To illustrate a few of the most common opinionated topics, we can simply look at the topic of 'The Nation'. The topic 'The Nation' was chosen because it makes the reader focus on the reader's reaction and take a decision. When a reader is more willing to do the right thing by doing what he or she believes to be the right thing, this is considered an ideal situation for a student who is writing an opinionated essay.For example, a reader would be more likely to agree with a statement such as 'I want to live in a world where the United States Government is powerful enough to ensure that the welfare of all the citizens of the Nation is respected.' Now, when a student chooses a topic that states this, it is important to clearly indicate how the author feels about certain subjects. So when we are talking about the opinions stated above, it is important to clearly indicate the topics that the author feels strongly about and why he or she feels so strongly about those subjects.An example of an important national opinion essay is titled 'The Nature of Women'. The title could be changed to something that might be a little more interesting. As you can see, an opinionated essay topic does not have to be boring.Another opinionated essay topic is 'Human Rights'. Again, you may decide to change the title to something that is not so common. In this case, you may use the title 'People of America: People are People'The Future of Mankind'. Again, you may choose whatever title you feel would be more interesting.In fact, many other opinionated essay topics are available online. Here are just a few:Opinionated essay topics are an easy way to make your essay a little more interesting. You can include topics of your choice and do not have to worry about whether or not the readers will find them interesting.Opinionated essay topics may be a little boring to students. But to anyone else, they can be a little more entertaining and interesting.

End of Life Issues Essay

Willful extermination implies â€Å"good death† yet today the term is esteemed as a tolerant activity to free somebody of torment. As a rule we have seen critically ill patients euthanized dynamic or inactive, yet for my exposition I will examine dynamic killing. End of life issues is a theme numerous families are confronted with regular more than one gets a kick out of the chance to envision; in any case, envision that you were a noteworthy other who has a friend or family member in the medical clinic experiencing a terminal disease and their torment is unendurable that your adored one has chosen to take his life and the subject of willful extermination comes up. What might you do? The main idea that would ring a bell is this is ethically off-base and unsuitable in our general public. I will discuss killing and how three moral hypotheses introduced in this course would better assistance answer your inquiry of willful extermination being ethically off-base. The ethical hypothe sis of Immanuel Kant’s Deontology helps morally with the perspectives on killing and the qualities and shortcoming of selfishness and Utilitarianism will likewise be introduced. This is the place the deontological approach may enable a family to comprehend that it’s ethically adequate to comfort their adored one as the person in question acknowledges dynamic killing as a way to take their life. Deontology contends that an activity is correct or wrong in itself independent of the outcomes and it is our obligation our positive attitude as Kant puts it to make the best decision. I pose the inquiry what discovers that correct thing. Might it be religion and the expression of god for those that have confidence in God or might it be for you a few all inclusive standards. Kant’s all out says to Act so that you treat humankind, regardless of whether in your own individual or in the individual of some other, consistently simultaneously as an end and never just as an unfortunate obligation. At the end of the day, all peopleâ€including youâ€deserve regard. It would consistently not be right to regard individuals as items, or as a method of accomplishing some objective, or in another way that doesn't show regard. (Kant 1997, 1998)â that we treat individuals as closures in themselves and not intends to our finishes. As it were we should regard the desires of the patient. The qualities of Deontology as it identifies with willful extermination is that the deontology contention depends on rules and an activity is acceptable on the off chance that it adheres to the standard. The outcomes doesn’t matter the main thing that issues is that we approach others with deference and love for that is something we should need for ourselves. The option to pick willful extermination is a privilege in its own and to likewise speak to some normal laws when you state that an individual â€Å"should have the option to pick whether they live or die.† These are the two guidelines. Your contention is that killing is reliable with these principles and is in this manner moral. This is a deontological contention. In spite of the fact that, Kant held that in the event that one ends it all since one accepts that the rest of one’s life will be loaded up with more inconvenience than delight, at that point one neglects to regard oneself as an end thus long as one holds the limits that would make you an individual than one ought to consistently regard that life. Pundits of deontology expressed that the Kantian variant appears to be excessively sterile and neglects to catch a portion of the mind boggling issues that emerge when we go up against moral issues, all things considered (moser, 2013). The shortcoming to my contention as it identifies with deontology and killing is that ending your own life won't be ethically adequate in today’s society. All things considered, Kant didn't have confidence in the result of an activity or whether it’s moral. While thinking about killing, at that point, Kant won't be keen fair and square of enduring of the patient or family members. He would not concur that we ought to do the caring thing. He would work out what the correct activity was. With Kant’s straight out basic Kant expect that being an ethical individual is a prerequisite and Universalizing the saying â€Å"I pushing an affection one to die† would give a widespread law that everybody ought to be assisted with dieing †a self-logical inconsistency. On the off chance that you took the proverb â€Å"I should assist that with cherishing one, who is in critical condition, enduring agonizingly and urgent to kick the bucket, to die† you may make an increasingly satisfactory general standard, for example, â€Å"Anyone who is terminally and seriously sick, enduring extraordinarily and has unreservedly decided to bite the dust, ought to be served to die†( rsrevision ). Likewise, some may state that deontology may expect one to act in a manner that appears to be clearly off-base and untrustworthy. The deontologist keeps up that a few or all activities are correct or wrong in themselves in light of the sort of activity they are whether the y produce the more prominent good. This kind of view is less simple to organize than the Consequentiality see. The second moral hypothesis The Egoist accepts that the correct activity is consistently that which has the best ramifications for the practitioner of the activity, or specialist. Likewise with Utilitarianism, there are various forms of this teaching as per whether the great outcomes are found as far as most extreme joy, least torment (Hedonistic Egoism) or as far as other great ramifications for the operator, for example, their self-advancement or prospering. From the outset sight, Hedonistic Egoism appears to endorse an actual existence spent stomping all over any individual who gets in one’s manner, thus to be precluded as in opposition to everything that is typically thought of as right. In any case, since the time Plato savants have understood that by and large individuals can't boost delight in that manner. The vast majority are not sufficiently able to do this without risk of punishment, and regardless the vast majority need fellowship and participation with others for their own satisfaction. So Hedonistic Egoism can't be excused so hurriedly. Be that as it may, events would emerge where Hedonistic Egoism, as Hedonistic Utilitarianism, requests merciless activity. For instance, it would endorse automatic killing to a specialist or parental figure who might increase a decent arrangement from someone’s demise, couldn't have cared less enough about the casualty to miss him by and by and could disguise his deed from any individual who did. Such individuals, if normal, would not feel remorseful, for they would by their belief have made the best decision. A principle which endorses this, regardless of whether on uncommon events, is a lot at difference with our common thoughts of profound quality to be influential. Be that as it may, Higher Egoism is another issue. For instance, Aristo tle’s teaching is that the correct approach in life isn't to seek after our own pleasure yet to build up our own thriving or cultivate our best selves. Furthermore, the best self is a non-proud self, who develops the sort of companionship wherein companions are second selves and has all the ethical temperances, including other-viewing ones, for example, liberality and equity. This sort of Egoism, rather than letting us know consistently to seek after our own government assistance, it could be said separates the differentiation among self as well as other people; we couldn't promptly condemn it on the ground that it was clearly at fluctuation with our standard good perspectives. Then again, it isn't a lot of utilization as a manual for activity. We first need to recognize what sorts of activity are highminded so as to develop the excellencies Aristotle discusses. The intrigue of the Aristotelian methodology today isn't as a guide, however as a generalâ framework in which one may set the ethical life, and to be sure all parts of life. Aristotle figures we can't however seek after our own great from our perspective, and maybe he is correct. In any case, he means to win us to a respectable perspective on that great, in which our own actual government assistance is to be as well as can be expected be. He lays weight on the unmistakable idea of man and on the best life as one where sane resources are very much worked out. The possibility of a passing with pride, one in which these qualities are safeguarded, fits well with his standpoint (Dr. Elizabeth Telfer, 2013). John’s Stuart Mill Utilitarianism is my third moral hypothesis that will be talked about here in our focal point of killing and whether it’s ethically adequate. One would consider when settling on a choice about killing for an evil relative that as per Mill The utilitari an regulation is, that satisfaction is attractive, and the main thing alluring, as an end; every single other thing being just alluring as intends with that in mind. My translation is that as such, we are to regard others and ourselves as an unfortunate chore, and it is unethical to utilize individuals and ourselves as a negligible methods. Satisfaction is something that can be experienced so far as we comprehend when we are alive. Plant likewise expresses that â€Å"†¦ there is truly nothing wanted aside from satisfaction. Whatever is wanted in any case than as a way to some end past itself, and at last to bliss, is wanted as itself a piece of satisfaction, and isn't wanted for itself until it has become so.†Utilitarianism tries to discover a response to why individuals act the way that they do, and as per Mill our activities get from the quest for joy. I would contend that as indicated by utilitarianism that one doesn't end it all so as to look for bliss as an end. All in all, nobody needs to be placed in a circumstance where a friend or family member who’s in critical condition and is in inconceivable agony and subsequently, needs to makes up their brain to take their life through dynamic willful extermination. I utilized deontology in light of the fact that the methodology is exceptionally mainstream type of critical thinking in moral circumstances and pride however Utilitarianism since it would give me solace to realize that I’m settling on the correct choice ethically for the p atient and for childish reasons. The three moral hypotheses are clear and straightforward and much of the time non equivocal; be that as it may, right or wrong whether end of life choices will be discussed if not it’s ethically acknowledged. I trust in the wake of investigating these hypotheses that I’m ready to offer solace to somebody that needs to think about killing for a friend or family member yet I’m very sure the discussion will proceed untilâ a

Definition of the Supply Chain Management - Free Essay Example

A new definition of supply chain management emerged. This involved not only the flow of products but also the flow of information and finances through the supply chain in both the directions. The information flows: From suppliers: manufacturing capacity, delivery schedules, promotions they are going to launch for specific timeframe; Reverse flows: sales, orders, inventory, quality, promotions. The financial flows are as follows: From suppliers: credits, consignment, payment terms, invoice; Reverse flows: payments, consignment. This led to a supply chain where there was movement of goods, information and finance in a cyclic order as shown in Figure 2. Figure : Integrated Flows of Material, Finance and Information (adapted from iwarelogic, 2010) The financial supply chain is parallel to the physical supply chain and is represented by the activities related to flow of cash, from the buyers initial order to the reconciliation and payment to the supplier. Until recently, the financial supply chain was not considered very important. The time required to process transactions was unthinkably long because of the manufacturing supply chain that was creeping with inefficiencies (Bank of America, 2009). Still the companies were prospering due to the lack of global competition and all domestic ones were filled with the same poor quality of demand forecasting limitatio ns, inefficient distribution and were missing supply chain visibility. They used the same strategy to compensate for these problems and mitigate risk against uncertain demand, excess inventory, excess capacity and surplus labour. As the cost of capital was low, reserve positions were routinely used. In other words, companies relied on the strategy of excesses (Bank of America, 2009). Today the typical financial supply chain is more fragmented and complex than the integrated physical supply chain (Bank of America, 2009). The movement of goods is faster than the movement of information and finances. Financial supply chains are important because by optimizing them companies can: reduce their working capitals by efficient inventory control and cash flow management, lower financing rates on required working capital, improve supplier relationships with and for buyers, reduce days sales outstanding and increase cash flow predictability for sellers (Bank of America, 2009). Johnson and Templar (2007) say that the structure of todays supply chains is inherently more and more complex and subject to larger number of conflicting requirements. They quote Porter (1980) and state that there are two major winning strategies for business: differentiation and cost advantage. Johnson and Templar (2007) argue that differentiation can be achieved by providing customers with a product or a service that they perceive as having a greater value, whereas cost advantage can be obtained by doing activities and processes that are more economical than the competition. Johnson and Templar (2007) estimate that around 70% of a products cost is made of costs arising out of supply chain. This shows that supply chain provides a major opportunity to reduce the product costs. Many companies are increasingly becoming aware of the importance of supply chain and are making use of key performance indicators to measure the performance of the supply chain (Ward 2004). According to Ward (2004), these indicators try to measure the output derived for each dollar invested in the chain. Although indicators such as warehouse labour cost per throughput case, transportation cost per pound shipped and line-item fill rate measure various components of the supply chain performance, none of them gives a complete overview of the supply chain performance (Ward 2004). Ward (2004) states that the complete metric that can give visibility on the supply chain performance is C2C cycle time. Farris and Hutchison (2002) support the argument saying that C2C is important as it bridges the inbound material activities with suppliers, through manufacturing operations and the outbound sales activities with the customers. C2C cycle is important to measure both from the financial accounting and the supply chain management perspectives. According to Banomyong (2005), cash conversion cycle is a powerful performance metric to assess the working capital management activities undergone by a company or a firm. A company with shorter C2C is more efficient because it turns its working capital over more times per year, and that allows it to generate more sales per money invested. With the help of proper supply chain management, a firm can improve upon the three key drivers of financial performance growth, profitability and capital utilisation (Rice and Hoppe 2001). Despite the potential of SCM, very few companies utilise it as a tool to drive financial performance. According to Lambert and Pohlen (2001), cash conversion cycle is an important financial metric as it highlights the operational performance which can be derived from information readily available in published annual and financial statements. The concept of C2C guides us to the premise that a decrease in the cash conversion cycle time will lead to financial and operational improvement. However, the C2C concept assumes that shortening of cycle time cannot be achieved without increasing costs or decreasing sa les (Soenen 1993 cited in Banomyong 2005). This has limitations as reducing the terms of credit for receivers would lead to a reduction in sales volume and revenue as a result of reduction of products attractiveness from a customers perspective. Similarly, delaying payment to suppliers will not be well received and is likely to lead to a higher cost of goods supplied. The key here is to have a balance and an optimum cash flow cycle that is not counterproductive to the intended objective. Farris and Hutchison (2002) highlight the importance of C2C cycle for understanding the effectiveness of the supply chain network. Their work tries to find the leverage points that can be achieved from the usage of the C2C cycle. C2C cycle is a composite metric that encompasses all the participants of a supply chain. Farris and Hutchison (2002) identified 3 major leverage points to manage the C2C within a firm: extend average accounts payable, shorten production cycle to reduce inventory da ys of supply, reduce average accounts receivable. Farris and Hutchison (2002) add that opportunities to reduce the cycle of cash in supply chain management exist at the seams outside of the four walls of the firm where they interface with their customers, tier 1, and tier 2 suppliers. In a subsequent work Farris et al (2005) suggest that C2C strategies in a supply chain environment promise to improve efficiency between trading partners, profitability, and cash flow management.  One important aspect of SCM involves increasing the efficiency of capital movement throughout the entire supply chain. It all depends on how fast the goods move through the supply chain. The faster the goods move through the supply chain, the quicker the members will be paid, which increases cash flow. The C2C calculation involves three key financial pointers from the balance sheet: inventory, accounts receivable and accounts payable. The next step is the calculation of net sales and cost of good s sold from the income statement to convert the financial pointers in terms of days. The result will be a positive or negative number of days. A number greater than zero tells us how many days a firm has to borrow or tie up capital while it waits for the payment from a customer, whereas a number smaller than zero shows how many days the firm received cash from sale of goods before payment to suppliers is made. In order to identify opportunities that could benefit all parties, it is important that there is constant information-sharing that permits comparison among C2C trading partners. Specifically, the supply chain can optimise inventory as well as receivable and payable terms to reduce costs to increase operating profit and cash flow. It is a fact of life that almost all businesses have working capital tied up in receivables and inventory. Interestingly, according to a report by CIMA (2009), many of the UKs big supermarkets chains, for example, have negative working capita l. This means that while the customers pay in cash, the stock is provided by suppliers on credit often on very generous terms. This means that at any given time, the supermarket has excess cash that can be used for expansion or process improvement or simply for reinvestment to earn interest. According to a report by Consultancy firm REL as cited in CIMA (2009), in response to the global recession: the supermarkets were paying suppliers more slowly to artificially bolster their balance sheets. But in doing so theyre often damaging supplier relationships and creating gains that cannot be sustained over time. A typical European company takes over 45 days to pay its suppliers nearly a day and a half longer than last year. Hingley (2005a) in his paper tries to explain the issue of power in the context of the UK agri-food industry vertical business-to-business relationships and further states that the majority of power and control lays in the hands of large multiple retailers. Hingley (2005a) further states that the supply chain members closer to the markets always benefit more than those away from the markets. He gives the proof of this by stating that those members of the UK food supply chain closer to market have benefited from at least inflationary growth, which has seen the value of retail sales reach approximately  £118 billion; with market leader, Tesco taking  £28 billion (Tesco 2004 cited in Hingely 2005a). At the heart of the discussion by Hingley (2005a) is the nature of the relationship between farmers, food suppliers and retailers. As mentioned by Farris and Hutchison (2002), working capital ratios such as the cash conversion cycle are composite performance metrics for assessing how well a company is managing its capital. These key numbers express operational performance in financial terms and can be derived from information readily available in published financial statements (Lambert and Pohlen 2001). For example, a company with a lower cash conversion cycle is more efficient because it turns its working capital over more times per year, and that allows it to generate more sales per money invested. The result of this working capital issue is reduced inventories, faster receivables collection and extended payment terms with suppliers. There is a looming question from the perspective of supply chain management: Who control the supply chain and how much influence they have? Large and powerful companies can enforce their terms with smaller companies, which in turn impose their terms with those smaller than them (Rafuse 1996 as cited by Padachi 2006). Small and powerless supply chain actors have little influence in the situation, in which they are providing a lot of net funding to their larger customers believing strenuous collection effort could jeopardize their sales volume. Similarly in the case of debtors, aggressive collection action by influential supply chain actors only succeeds in transferring resources from the ir smaller customers. As a result, often smaller and powerless companies of the value chain must pass on their increased borrowing and administrative costs, though they sometimes go bankrupt in the efforts. Why is it not possible to manage financial flows in the same way as flows of goods in a collaborative manner? Despite the potential of SCM, relatively few companies utilise the approach as a tool to drive financial performance in a collaborative way (Simatupang and Sridharan 2005). The aim of this study is to understand the relationships between the bigger and smaller partners of a supply chain when each firm is trying to achieve negative cash conversion cycle. C2C, though being a composite metric (Farris Hutchison 2009) to measure the effectiveness of the supply chain, still deals with the working capital management of a single firm in a supply chain. The aim of this study is to explore the C2C that exists for different participants in the supply chain of dairy and milk s ector in the UK and explore the nature of the relationships when the primary/bigger member of the supply chain is trying to improve its cash conversion cycle. In order to explore further, the following research questions were formed: What are the implications for the smaller members of the UK milk supply chain where the biggest member has a very short cash conversion cycle? What type of relationships exists between the supply chain members? Sector Background According to the DairyCo (2010) report on the UK dairy supply chain, the majority of the output of the UK dairy industry is packaged for direct consumption by the consumer and over 73% is produced in consumer packs. Major retailers are the industrys most important link before reaching to the final customers. Other major customer segments include wholesale distributors, catering outlets, institutional customers, traders and export customers. The industry still sells direct to the consumer around 3 million pints of milk a day in returnable glass bottles through the doorstep delivery service. Around 5% of raw milk ultimately ends up with the consumer by this route. The sale of food and drink for consumption out of home is a growth market, along with the ingredients sector, which covers the use of milk products as an ingredient in the food processing industry. According to a report by Spedding (2009), an Arthur Rank Centre project, the UK dairy farmers produce just over 13 billion l itres of milk each year, which is processed into a variety of dairy products. The report further adds that the manufacturers of dairy foods in the UK are working hard to increase the proportion of products. Liquid milk, which takes up almost half the market, has evolved from whole fat milks to skimmed and semi-skimmed products (Spedding 2009). The Spedding (2009) report states that since 2004 the annual total milk production in the UK has been decreasing and this is expected to continue in the short term due to a variety of factors. The most important of them is the lack of confidence of the farmers. If the efficiency is compared of the UK and EU farms, the UK farms stand apart. Also they can be competed against other non-EU farms like that in the USA (Spedding 2009). However, the UK dairy farms still cannot match the efficiency achieved by the New Zealand dairy farmers (Spedding 2009). The RuSource report identifies that majority of dairy farms are still essentially family busin esses, between 70% and 75% are owner occupied and between 20% and 25% are tenanted. Dairy farm incomes were recovering in the recent years as quoted by Spedding (2009) report. However, recent profitability has not been enough to meet the long term re-investment requirements of running the farms (Spedding 2009). There is a considerable divergence in the cost efficiency between the most and the least efficient dairy farms, which shows that many of the farmers are into milk farming as a lifestyle choice and not with a business intention. On one side, the proportion of the UK milk supply accounted for by lifestyle farmer is falling rapidly as they reach retirement. On the other side, there are business minded individuals who require a competitive rate of return on the capital; otherwise they will take their capital and expertise elsewhere. The efficiency of the business can be improved at a short notice by improving and implementing good farm management techniques. But in order to be a sustainable business in the longer term, cost efficiency requires fixed costs to be spread over a larger scale of operation. This means that there is a direct correlation between farm size and efficiency. This shows that the future of the UK dairy farming is in becoming competitive and having large scale of operations and economies of scale. The level of milk production in the UK is affected by many factors. According to Blackburn and Lott (2008) of Kite Consulting, the key factors that drive whether a farmer stays in milk business or not, and if they do stay in milk business, whether they expand or not, are: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ milk price; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ cost of production; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ confidence in future milk prices; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ milk price: feed price ratio which affects sentiment; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ non-dairying alternatives e.g. arable cropping; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ higher stock prices creating an opportunity to cash in on a high (Blackburn and Lott 2008). Retailer decisions on milk sourcing are based on price, but also on the security of supply, provenance, traceability, service levels and sustainability. This offers significant opportunities for producers and processors to work together to take out costs and capitalise on other specific supply chain opportunities to create value for all links of the chain. Methodology Overview The aim of the dissertation is to look at a supply chain and analyse the cash conversion cycle of the individual players and understand the implications of the cash conversion cycle on the small suppliers. For these it was imperative to select a supply chain which has not been previously studied from this perspective. According to Yin (2003), when there is little known about the research topic and when it is an exploration to research, case studies are the best methods to move forward. The UK Dairy Supply chain was selected to analyse the research topic through. In order to achieve overall understanding of the business, all the players of the supply chain were studied. Data gathering was done using the published company and industry reports. Data was also collected from the various public surveys undertaken to study the UK dairy farmer morale and future intentions. During the data analysis phase, efforts were made to explore the contractual structures existing between the differ ent players and the implications of the cash conversion cycles of the respective player. Overview of Dissertation Chapters A comprehensive literature review has been carried out and key findings from the literature will be presented in Chapter 2. The first section involves the discussion of the cash conversion cycle, the advantages of C2C as a supply chain metric and finally the criticism of the C2C. The second section will include the discussion on the current state of dairy industry in the UK and the organisation of the dairy supply chain in the UK. The next section will include the discussion of the focus supermarket supply chain and the different actors involved in the supply chain. Chapter 3 will contain the detailed description of the methodology of this research, the various approaches for data collection and sources of data collection. Chapter 4 will show the calculation of the cash conversion cycle for the members of the UK milk supply chain. This chapter will also deal with the analysis of the contracts existing within the case supply chain. Chapter 5 will include the discussion of t he findings and analysis from the previous chapter. This chapter will also present the discussion on relationships that exist between the different supply chain actors resulting from the contract structures. Data from various public surveys will be used to understand the relationships between the different supply chain actors. Chapter 6 is the conclusion that this research study tries to reach. This chapter also contains sections related to limitations of this study, the scope for future research and also the contributions this study makes to the academic research literature. Literature Review In the next few sections a thorough literature review is conducted to explain and understand the concept of cash conversion cycle, also the advantages and the criticism of it. A study of the factors affecting the UK Dairy Industry and the UK dairy supply chain is also undertaken to understand the relationships between the different supply chain actors. Cash Conversion Cycle According to Farris et al (2005), cash conversion cycle metric is an important measurement tool which can be used to bridge the management of firms and functions in a supply chain that can be used by management to improve firm liquidity position and overall firm value. From the work of Farris et al (2005), measuring C2C helps in identification of the strengths and weakness in a supply chain. This is because the C2C gives use the measure across time that is truly consistent. This helps in identifying the leverage points and the opportunities to improve. Finally, C2C is a measure that can be used to optimise the entire supply chain. As the field of supply chain management continues to evolve, the C2C metric is one of the currently available measurement tools to transform the relationships between firms and functions of the supply chain into a value chain by helping to synergistically optimise the entire process through a systems approach. C2C can be easily calculated and provides the difference based on days from when suppliers are paid and payment is received from customers (Farris et al 2005). Subsequently, C2C analysis can be done and generalised to compare companies and industries by common traits. There has been much research on the working of C2C and its utilization to increase the value created by the supply chains. Beed (1981) as cited in Farris et al (2005) recommends using C2C to deal with problems related to account receivables. Byers et al (1997) cited in Farris et al (2005) support using C2C to manage the current assets that deal with daily operations of a firm. Farris and Hutchison (2002) in their paper, propose opportunities for extending C2C as a benchmark for supply chain management.

Community College Vs. University Essay - 1343 Words

For me, the decision to go to college was never based on community college vs. university. In high school, I did not apply myself and did not make the grades to go to college. As graduation time came and went I found myself disinterested in the idea. I often felt that I wasn’t smart enough to pursue a higher education and the possibility of failure was too intimidating. It wasn’t until my daughter was born that I decided I wanted to earn a career and make myself into something she could be proud of. My dreams realized, I could see a clear path and was ready to take the plunge. However, my options were limited. Thanks to my lack of high school aspirations, I only had one choice: community college. Community college may seem like a school for underachievers, but in reality, its programs cater to many different individuals: High school students, adults returning to pursue (or finish) a degree, and people who are interested in taking recreational classes. Many community col lege students are programmed differently and they have different studying techniques and their own set pace for learning. The great thing about community college is that it can accommodate all of these individuals. Community college provides the tools and the know-how to help their students succeed. The affordability of community college, student enrichment programs, and smaller class sizes are just a few of its most desirable attributes. Despite the facts, there is a still a stigma surrounding theShow MoreRelatedCommunity College Vs. University1393 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity College vs. University In order to find a good job and have a good life in the future, many high school students plan to continue acquiring a higher education degree in the college. Michael is a senior high school student. He is going to graduate from his high school soon. His friends think about attending four-year universities directly after graduating from the high school and he does not want to be left behind them. However, Michael’s parents realize that there is not quite enoughRead MoreCommunity College vs. University594 Words   |  2 Pagesattend a community college or university can be a difficult decision for students especially high school seniors and fresh high school graduates. After graduating from high school, the next step in the academic journey is to attend a college or a university. Before I got into college, I wanted to attend a university. I never considered attending a community college because I considered it irrelevant and less rewarding than a university. Now I have a diff erent view about community colleges and I canRead MoreCommunity College vs. University Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesAttention: Future college students, After twelve years of school, where will you go next? Many of you have developed the ambition to prolong your education and attend college. Today, there are many more options than there were in the past. One does not have to graduate high school and go straight to a four year university. It is sometimes better for a student to go to a community college and focus on transfer courses or simply get an Associate’s Degree. On the other hand, there are young adultsRead MoreCommunity College vs University Essay examples778 Words   |  4 Pagesand Contrast Essay Community College vs. Universities Choosing a college means going to a new, unfamiliar world of immense possibilities. One of the hardest decisions a high school graduate face is the choice between attending a Community College or a University. Although Universities and Community College serve the same purpose, each has its differences and similarities in their learning such as the admission requirements, expenses, size, and student life. Community College are the most commonRead MoreCommunity College or University?922 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing a college or deciding to even go to college is one of the most stressful things that we have had to do in our lives so far. This is especially stressful when you don’t have the money to pay for college or don’t know what you want to major in. College is very expensive and the costs add up quickly. Community college is less expensive and is not much different than a university. You can start majoring in something in a community college and then transfer your credits to a university. Many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article A Great Statement On The Wall Street Journal Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagesin their wall street journal article â€Å"Surprising Finding on Two-Year Vs Four-Year Degree’s† it states a â€Å"college degree is worth the investment†. Most of the time it is not about what kind of grades you will get or what college your accepted into, it is all about perception, including financial issues, level of independence and wheatear or not a major is already determined. Meanwhile, Community college and Four-Year universities are both wonderful options, but are meant for totally different peopleRead MoreGraduation Speech : High School1335 Words   |  6 Pagesschool graduates enrolled in a post-secondary educational program, whether it be a community college or university. High school doesn’t prepare students for college, that’s why most students don’t make it past their first semes ter in college. High school students still have much to learn and when they make the transition from high school to a 4 year university it overwhelms them. Starting off at a community college is a great way for high school student to continue their education, but also for adultsRead MoreSweatt vs. Painter Essays1240 Words   |  5 Pages1946 Herman Sweatt, who had excellent academic credentials and met all standards for acceptance into the university, was denied admission into the University of Texas Law School because of his African American race. At the time, the University of Texas had a separate law school for African Americans to attend because segregation was still widely accepted in the United States. The University of Texas Law School had 16 full-time professors, 3 part-time professors, 850 students, and over 65,000 volumesRead MoreWomen in Psychology Psy 310 Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesWomen In Psychology by Phoenix University PSY 310 Aril 28, 2012 1 Inez Beverly Prosser, Psychologist Inez Beverly Posser (1895-1934) was America’s first Black female psychologist. http://www.apa.org/monitor/2008/11/prosser.aspx . Not only is this significant in itself, it is also the adversity she overcame growing up to get there. And later, in the profoundRead MoreTwo Year College versus Trade School816 Words   |  3 PagesCollege (Two year) vs Trade School For some students, the question of what to do after high school may be a burden to even contemplate as it approaches quicker and quicker. The pressure to continue another four (or more) years of education after high school can be overwhelming considering twelve years of schooling has already been completed; why go right back to school again? When’s break time? Some people are simply just not ready for college and they know it, or at least until after

Meat, China, And Communication Revolutions - 1373 Words

Meat, China, and Communication Revolutions In Armand Mattelart’s book The Invention of Communication, the word â€Å"communication† is acknowledged as term with a great number of meanings. However, Mattelart proposes that communication could be specifically understood as â€Å"circuits of circulation of goods, people, and messages† (Mattelart xiv). This definition is critical to the thesis of this paper, because it alludes to industry being an essential component of communication. This paper will explore two specific industries: the meat packing industry of the late 19th century and the exportation of consumer goods from contemporary China. I will argue that these are both examples of communication revolutions due to their innate ability to cause†¦show more content†¦First, let’s consider Gustavus Swift and his meat packing company, and how everything from the invention of the refrigerated rail cart, to becoming one of the first companies to utili ze vertical integration exemplifies communication revolution. As Professor Gary Fields explains in an essay about communication and G. F. Swift, before the late 19th century, meat was a localized affair in which few Americans participated. In order for local butchers to get their meat, shipments of live cattle would come from the midwest. This was incredibly inefficient, as not all of the cow was edible. The cost of shipping was high, so the butcher would have to charge a pretty penny for the final cut of meat. Due to both the cost and lack of advertisement of beef, public interest in meat was low. In comes Gustavus Franklin Swift, an entrepreneur who realized the potential in meat packing, and helped fund the invention of the refrigerated rail cart. This technological wonder allowed cattle to be butchered first, and then have the meat shipped over long distances. This eliminated any unnecessary waste from being shipped, which meant money was saved and the company could charge consumers less than local butchers. In 1880, Swift had one cattle supplier, oneShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Risks Of Conducting Business Operations In China1088 Words   |  5 Pagesinternational markets. China is one of the largest and wealthiest markets that companies must consider. While China’s large, booming market is attractive for companies looking to expand, the risks in China are large as well. Companies not only have to analyze bottom line figures, but they must also analyze are the barriers of culture, political views, and the ethics and morals of their company. 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Finance & Accounting for London Stock Exchange - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theFinance Accounting for London Stock Exchange. Answer: Introduction The companys financial information is of atmost importance to the users of the financial statements. They can be external as well as internal based on their needs and it helps them to take the financial decisions.(Alexander, 2016) For the given assignment and analysis, a British multinational telecom company Vodafone Group Plc has been chosen. It is one of the pioneer companies in the British market and has been amongst the most profitable companies in the recent past. Further, it is ranked five in the world in terms of revenue and 2nd in terms of no. of connections and is the 8th biggest on the London Stock Exchange in terms of market capitalization. Analysis on the topic We would like to invest in the company as it has been one of the biggest and renowned brands in the recent past in terms of telecommunication and has been yielding high profits and returns for the shareholders. Further, it one of the Fortune 500 companies and is growing rapidly and has a good history of corporate governance in the past. (Abbott Kantor, 2017) The companys stakeholders in this case can be external like the government, the taxation authorities, the investors, the banks and the financial institutions, the competitors, the economy as a whole, etc. whereas the internal stakeholders can be like the employees who are directly affected by the decisions, the management, the creditors, the debtors, etc. of the company. They would be interested in the events and decisions being taken by the company for the personal interests like the competitors like AtT, China Mobile Ltd., T-Mobile US Inc., etc would be interested because even a slight change in the pricing policy or the data pack network policy would bring about a drastic change worldwide and the revenues of others may fall in that case.(Boccia Leonardi, 2016) Therefore, the competitors needs to be aware and take the similar competitive reactions in order to retain the customers. Further, the employees would be interested in the results of the company because the good average or the bad results directly or indirectly have a bearing on the salaries, the bonus and the stability of their employment. The banks and the financial institutions have differnet use of the financial statements as they use it to access whether the company is eligible enough to be given the loans and the borrowings and whether the company would be able to repay it back with the give timelines. To meet all the above objectives of the users of the financial statements, the board of directors of the company prepare the financials and hold tha annual meetings with the shareholders and annual accounts is adopted therein post which the auditors check the financials and express their opinion opn whether the financials give a true and fair view of the affairs of treh company and whether is it non biased. They give a reasonable assurance to the users of these financials that it can be used to take the critical economic, financial and investment decisions. (Dichev, 2017) There are various legal and regulatory requirements which the company has to follow like the Local Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and the International Financial Reporting Framework basis which the financial statements needs to be presented. These regulations and legal requirements are mandatory in some of the places whereas in some other places it is just recommendatory. Further, as per the SOX compliance regulations and corporate governance requirements, the company needs to invest towards the betterment of the environment and the society in which they are operating.(Flix, 2017) These are few of the regulations which the company has to adhere. Besides all these, there are requirements like to publish annual and half yearly financials in order to maintain the transparency of the operations of the company. The implication of all this on the users is that they get to know the progress of the company and the present status of the company on the basis of which they take the respective financial decisions. Further, they get to know if there are any financial litgations which the company is underoing or any financial risk which may impact the returns of the company. In the era of globalization, the harmonization of the accounting practices has become extremely important considering the materiality and the usability of the financial information. There should be uniformness in the way the financial information is disclosed to the users of the statements and policies being followed towards accounting of assets, liabilities, expenses and incomes. (Gooley, 2016) This will help the users to understand the financial statements better and will make them understandable and usability of the accounting information would increase. Different laws and regulations follow different accounting rules and regulations and the ways of accounting and judgements. Based on this, the values reported may also be changing like in IFRS and the GAAP, the way of depreciation accounting and valuation of the assets is different and might result in different profitability for the company. Further, some of the standards are rigid whereas some of the standards may be recommendatory and might depend on the company as to how the management takes the call on the accounting of the same. (Visinescu, et al., 2017) Information requirements of the different users do vary based on the company. Such as in case of a retail company like ZARA the users might require details on how the company is competing with the other brands, whether it has come out with any new brand of its own, whether it is offered any discount or incentive in the last year and whether that has added to the revenue of the company, which the other countries or regions to which the company has expanded its business, whether there is an increase in treh customer base.(Trieu, 2017) Further, the users will also want to know that the company is meeting the other legal and regulatory requirements. Conclusion From the above analysis, it is very much clear that the requirements of the users wirh respect to the financial statements may change depending on the needs, the type of industry in which the company is operating and the legal and reporting standards being followed by them. To harmonise the same and to make the same beneficial from the user perspective, the same should be made uniform and standard throughout the accounting arena. References Abbott, M. Kantor, A., 2017. Fair Value Measurement and Mandated Accounting Changes: The Case of the Victorian Rail Track Corporation. Australian accounting Review. Alexander, F., 2016. The Changing Face of Accountability. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), pp. 411-431. Boccia, F. Leonardi, R., 2016. The Challenge of the Digital Economy. Markets, Taxation and Appropriate Economic Models, pp. 1-16. Dichev, I., 2017. On the conceptual foundations of financial reporting. Accounting and Business Research, 47(6), pp. 617-632. Flix, M., 2017. A study on the expected impact of IFRS 17 on the transparency of financial statements of insurance companies. MASTER THESIS, pp. 1-69. Gooley, J., 2016. Principles of Australian Contract Law. Australia: Lexis Nexis. Trieu, V., 2017. Getting value from Business Intelligence systems: A review and research agenda. Decision Support Systems, Volume 93, pp. 111-124. Visinescu, L., Jones, M. Sidorova, A., 2017. Improving Decision Quality: The Role of Business Intelligence. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 57(1), pp. 58-66.